Kubernetes: Orchestrating Containers at Scale

Kubernetes (K8s) adalah open-source container orchestration platform yang dikembangkan Google, sekarang maintained oleh CNCF. Memecahkan masalah: deploying containers di multiple hosts, auto-scaling based on demand, self-healing saat containers fail, load balancing, dan rolling updates tanpa downtime. Architecture: Control Plane (API Server, Scheduler, Controller Manager, etcd key-value store) dan Worker Nodes (Kubelet, Container Runtime, Kube-proxy). Core concepts: Pods (smallest deployable units, 1+ containers), Deployments (define desired state), Services (stable networking untuk Pods), ConfigMaps/Secrets (configuration management), Namespaces (logical cluster division), dan Ingress (HTTP routing). kubectl adalah CLI untuk interact dengan cluster. Manifest files dalam YAML define resources. Deployment strategies: Rolling Update (gradual replacement), Blue-Green (maintain 2 identical environments), Canary (small percentage first), dan Recreate (stop old, start new). Observability: monitoring dengan Prometheus, visualization dengan Grafana, logging dengan ELK/EFK stack, dan tracing dengan Jaeger. Managed Kubernetes: AWS EKS, Azure AKS, Google GKE menghilangkan operational overhead. Helm adalah package manager untuk K8s, simplifying complex deployments. Security best practices: RBAC (Role-Based Access Control), Network Policies untuk traffic control, Pod Security Standards, image scanning, dan secrets encryption. Challenges: complexity (steep learning curve), resource overhead, debugging difficulty. Alternatives: Docker Swarm (simpler tapi less features), Nomad (HashiCorp), ECS (AWS-specific). Use cases: microservices architectures, CI/CD pipelines, multi-cloud deployments, hybrid cloud scenarios. Kubernetes adalah industry standard untuk container orchestration dengan massive ecosystem dan community.